Le fait, pour une entreprise, de ne pas respecter la loi, peut entraîner des sanctions civiles, administratives ou pénales. Ces sanctions son applicables directement au responsable. Mais ce faisant le responsable peut également se rendre indirectement coupable de concurrence déloyale. La Cour de cassation l’a notamment admis clairement dans un arrêt du 12 février 2020.
Elle juge que : « Appelée à statuer sur la réparation d’un préjudice résultant d’une pratique commerciale trompeuse pour le consommateur, conférant à son auteur un avantage concurrentiel indu par rapport à ses concurrents, la cour d’appel a pu, pour évaluer l’indemnité devant être allouée à la société Cristallerie de Montbronn, tenir compte de l’économie injustement réalisée par la société Cristal de Paris, qu’elle a modulée en tenant compte des volumes d’affaires respectifs des parties affectés par lesdits agissements. »(Com. 12 fév. 2020, n° 17-31.614)
Le raisonnement pourrait donc a priori valoir pour tout défaut de respect des règles d’ordre public économique ou social. La Cour de cassation a déjà eu l’occasion d’appliquer la concurrence déloyale dans le cas de travail dissimulé. L’emploi de travailleurs d’autres Etats membres de l’Union européenne doit se faire dans le respect des dispositions françaises. A défaut, la qualification de fraude sociale peut être admise. En dehors des peines applicables notamment en cas de travail dissimulé, ce ne sont pas seulement les salariés concernés qui peuvent s’en plaindre. Les autres sociétés peuvent invoquer la concurrence déloyale (.Crim. 12 janv. 2021, n° 17-62.553).
Cette solution pourrait également être étendue au cas, par exemple, où une entreprise ne respecte pas les règles relatives au RGPD, alors que son concurrent les observe. Ce dernier peut à juste titre considérer que son concurrent fait une économie injuste dès lors que le droit impératif des données à caractère personnel n’est pas respecté. Pourquoi pas invoquer notamment le défaut de respect des mentions légales sur un site ou le défaut de conditions générales conformes au droit de la consommation ?
Les exemples pourraient être multipliés à l’envi. Le raisonnement est simple. Celui qui ne respecte pas les règles obligatoires fait des économies par rapport à son concurrent qui les applique. Il en résulte une distorsion anormale dans la concurrence.
Mais démontrer la faute de l’autre ne suffit pas pour engager sa responsabilité. Il faut, en vertu des articles 1240 et 1241 du code civil démontrer que cette faute a généré un préjudice. Or, celui-ci n’est guère facile à démontrer.
La Cour de cassation en est consciente lorsqu’elle indique que les effets préjudiciables ne peuvent être aisément démontrés dans le cas de pratiques consistant à « s’affranchir d’une réglementation, dont le respect a nécessairement un coût, tous actes qui, en ce qu’ils permettent à l’auteur des pratiques de s’épargner une dépense en principe obligatoire, induisent un avantage concurrentiel indu dont les effets, en termes de trouble économique, sont difficiles à quantifier avec les éléments de preuve disponibles, sauf à engager des dépenses disproportionnées au regard des intérêts en jeu. » Com. 12 fév. 2020, n° 17-31.614, point 9).
C’est pourquoi dans son arrêt du 12 février 2020, la Chambre commerciale a proposé d’évaluer le préjudice de la manière suivante : « Il y a lieu d’admettre que la réparation du préjudice peut être évaluée en prenant en considération l’avantage indu que s’est octroyé l’auteur des actes de concurrence déloyale, au détriment de ses concurrents, modulé à proportion des volumes d’affaires respectifs des parties affectés par ces actes. » Com. 12 fév. 2020, n° 17-31.614, point 10).
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