Droit des affaires,Responsabilité civile

Appréciation du préjudice en cas de concurrence déloyale

Posté le par Loïc Panhaleux

La Cour de cassation a, dans un arrêt du 12 février 2020 (Com. 12 fév. 2020, n° 17-31.614, point 10), apporté d’utiles information sur l’appréciation du préjudice résultant d’une concurrence déloyale. Celle-ci, reposant sur l’article 1240 du code civil, suppose une faute, un préjudice et un lien de causalité entre la faute et le préjudice. La preuve de ces différents éléments n’est pas toujours aisée.

Le constat est fait par la Cour en ces termes : « … si les effets préjudiciables de pratiques tendant à détourner ou s’approprier la clientèle ou à désorganiser l’entreprise du concurrent peuvent être assez aisément démontrés, en ce qu’elles induisent des conséquences économiques négatives pour la victime, soit un manque à gagner et une perte subie, y compris sous l’angle d’une perte de chance, tel n’est pas le cas de ceux des pratiques consistant à parasiter les efforts et les investissements, intellectuels, matériels ou promotionnels, d’un concurrent, ou à s’affranchir d’une réglementation, dont le respect a nécessairement un coût, tous actes qui, en ce qu’ils permettent à l’auteur des pratiques de s’épargner une dépense en principe obligatoire, induisent un avantage concurrentiel indu dont les effets, en termes de trouble économique, sont difficiles à quantifier avec les éléments de preuve disponibles, sauf à engager des dépenses disproportionnées au regard des intérêts en jeu. »  

Dans cette deuxième série d’hypothèses, la Cour de cassation propose une solution : « Lorsque tel est le cas, il y a lieu d’admettre que la réparation du préjudice peut être évaluée en prenant en considération l’avantage indu que s’est octroyé l’auteur des actes de concurrence déloyale, au détriment de ses concurrents, modulé à proportion des volumes d’affaires respectifs des parties affectés par ces actes. » (Com. 12 fév. 2020, n° 17-31.614, point 10).

Elle rejette le pourvoi d’appel en considérant que : « Appelée à statuer sur la réparation d’un préjudice résultant d’une pratique commerciale trompeuse pour le consommateur, conférant à son auteur un avantage concurrentiel indu par rapport à ses concurrents, la cour d’appel a pu, pour évaluer l’indemnité devant être allouée à la société Cristallerie de Montbronn, tenir compte de l’économie injustement réalisée par la société Cristal de Paris, qu’elle a modulée en tenant compte des volumes d’affaires respectifs des parties affectés par lesdits agissements. »

Loïc Panhaleux

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