Droit des affaires,Droit des contrats

Préavis de rupture de relation contractuelle

Posté le par Loïc Panhaleux

Le préavis de rupture de relation contractuelle doit être déterminé au cas par cas. L’arrêt rendu le 15 septembre 2015 par la chambre commerciale de la Cour de cassation illustre les difficultés de cette détermination et les précautions qu’il convient de prendre (Com. 15 sept. 2015, n° 14-17964).Préavis de rupture de relation contractuelle

L’article L. 442-6 I 5° du code de commerce permet d’engager la responsabilité délictuelle de celui qui a rompu brutalement une « relation contractuelle établie, sans préavis écrit tenant compte de la durée de la relation commerciale et respectant la durée minimale de préavis déterminée, en référence aux usages du commerce, par des accords interprofessionnels ». Lorsqu’un contrat a été conclu entre une première société et une deuxième société, qu’une troisième société achète le fonds de commerce de la première et continue quelque temps encore d’exécuter le contrat précédemment conclu, la seconde peut-elle alors prétendre que la durée de la relation commerciale remonte à l’origine de la conclusion du contrat pour apprécier l’abus ?

La réponse négative s’impose. En effet, la Cour de cassation a jugé dans cet arrêt du 15 septembre 2015 que le préavis n’a pas à être déterminé en considération de la relation précédemment nouée avec la première société. Elle approuve également la Cour d’appel d’avoir estimé que la cession du fonds de commerce n’a pas de plein droit substitué le cessionnaire au cédant du fonds dans les relations contractuelles et commerciales que cette société entretenait avec son cocontractant originaire. Elle l’approuve enfin d’avoir retenu que le fait de poursuivre l’exécution du contrat pendant un temps très court après la cession (environ deux semaines), au-delà de la l’exécution de ce même contrat dans le cadre de la location-gérance pendant plusieurs mois (six) ne permettait pas de considérer que cette société ait eu l’intention de poursuivre la relation commerciale initialement nouée entre les deux premières sociétés.

Loïc Panhaleux

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