Action en réparation d’un associé contre un contractant de la société

L’action en réparation d’un associé contre un contractant de la société peut être envisagée. Mais sur quel fondement, contractuel ou extracontractuel ? La société et ses associés sont des personnes distinctes. Le contrat conclu par la société n’engage pas l’associé en tant que tel, l’inverse étant également vrai. C’est là la simple mise en œuvre du principe de l’effet relatif des conventions d’une part et de l’admission de la personne morale de la société d’autre part. Nuage de Statuts Juridiques

En conséquence, il paraît normal d’exclure l’action en responsabilité contractuelle exercée par un associé contre un contractant de la société dès lors que celui-ci agit en son nom propre et non au nom de la société. Il ne faut donc pas s’étonner que la Cour de cassation ait rejeté l’action exercée par un associé contre le cocontractant de sa société  sur le fondement contractuel. Elle n’est envisageable que sur le terrain délictuel.

La Cour de cassation a logiquement considéré :  » que les associés d’une société civile immobilière ne sont pas contractuellement liés à ceux avec lesquels la société a contracté ; qu’après avoir constaté que M. X… fondait son action contre les architectes sur leur responsabilité contractuelle dans le cadre de l’exécution dudit contrat, l’arrêt retient exactement que sa qualité d’associé tenu aux dettes sociales ne modifiait pas sa qualité de tiers audit contrat et qu’il pouvait, en tant que tiers, rechercher la responsabilité délictuelle des architectes en invoquant un manquement dans l’exécution de ce contrat pour obtenir la réparation de son préjudice, et non pas leur responsabilité contractuelle, de sorte que son action ayant été engagée plus de dix ans après la manifestation du dommage, elle était prescrite » (Com, 2 juin 2015, n° 13-25337).

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