Compétence en cas d’actes entre non-commerçant et commerçant

Le service UberPop (service consistant, grâce à une application mobile, à mettre en relation des particuliers entre eux, les uns conducteurs détenant un véhicule et les autres souhaitant être transportés) constitue-t-il une concurrence déloyale vis-à-vis des taxis ? Un syndicat et des chauffeurs de taxis l’avaient soutenu devant le Tribunal d’instance de Paris contre, notamment, la société Uber France.  Mais les défendeurs avaient soulevé l’incompétence de ce tribunal au profit du tribunal de commerce.

En appel, la Cour avait mis en œuvre la théorie des actes mixtes selon laquelle, en cas de litige entre un non-commerçant et un commerçant, lorsque le premier agit, il dispose d’un choix : pouvoir assigner le commerçant devant un tribunal judiciaire ou l’assigner devant le Tribunal de commerce (le commerçant ne pouvant assigner le non-commerçant que devant le tribunal judiciaire). Elle avait donc admis la compétence du Tribunal d’instance dès lors que les demandeurs n’avaient pas la qualité de commerçant, ce qui conduit la Cour de cassation à rejeter le pourvoi formé contre l’arrêt.

Selon la Cour de cassation, l’option offerte au demandeur non-commerçant n’est pas remise en cause même si : «  la compétence des juridictions consulaires peut être retenue lorsque les défendeurs sont des personnes qui n’ont ni la qualité de commerçant ni celle de dirigeant de droit d’une société commerciale dès lors que les faits qui leur sont reprochés sont en lien direct avec la gestion de cette société » (Com. 18 nov. 2020, n° 19-19.463)

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