Droit des affaires,Droit européen

Libre circulation des marchandises

Posté le par Loïc Panhaleux

La circulation des marchandises dans le marché intérieur peut être entravée de multiples manières par les Etats membres.

Afin de garantir une libre circulation, le droit communautaire s’est développé dans deux directions. D’un côté, la Cour de Justice (CJCE, aujourd’hui CJUE) a admis le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle dans l’arrêt Cassis de Dijon qui signifie qu’un Etat membre ne peut interdire la vente sur son territoire d’un produit légalement fabriqué selon des prescriptions techniques ou qualitatives difdroit-communautaireférentes de celles imposées à ses propres produits. Ce principe a poussé les Etats membres à adopter des normes communautaires. Nombreux sont ainsi les textes dérivés, notamment les directives d’harmonisation, dans des domaines particuliers qu’il faut considérer avant le droit primaire afin de vérifier si une réglementation viole la liberté de circulation des marchandises.

A défaut ou au-delà d’un texte spécial, le traité TFUE interdit dans ses articles 34 et suivants les restrictions quantitatives à l’importation ou à l’exportation ainsi que toutes mesures d’effet équivalent. La notion de restriction quantitative vise les contingents d’importation ou d’exportation ou les quotas qui constituent des mesures clairement protectionnistes des marchés nationaux. Ces dispositions visent à éviter que des produits d’autres Etats membres soient désavantagés par rapport aux produits nationaux.

A défaut de textes clairs, les mesures d’effet équivalent à des restrictions quantitatives (MEERQ) ont été définies par la CJUE. La définition traditionnelle résulte de l’arrêt “Dassonville du 11 juillet 1974 (CJCE, II juill. 1974, aff 8/74, Dassonville : Rec. CJCE, p. 837). Il s’agit de “Toute réglementation commerciale des Etats membres susceptible d’entraver directement ou indirectement, actuellement ou potentiellement le commerce intracommunautaire”.

Cette définition a été précisée dans un arrêt du 24 novembre 1993, “ Keck et Mithouard”(CJCE, 24 nov. 1993, aff C-267/91 et C-268/91, Keck et Mithouard : Rec. CJCE, 1, p. 6097). Le litige portait sur la réglementation française interdisant les reventes à perte. M. Keck et M. Mithouard étaient poursuivis en justice du fait de la violation de cette interdiction. Ils soutenaient que la réglementation française en cause était incompatible avec plusieurs dispositions du traité CE, dont l’article 28 (auj. 34 TFUE) parce qu’elle aurait privé les opérateurs d’un moyen de promotion commerciale, ce qui aurait réduit le volume des ventes, y compris en ce qui concerne les produits importés d’autres Etats membres. La Cour de justice a considéré qu’une législation nationale qui interdit de façon générale la revente à perte n’a pas pour objet de régir les échanges de marchandises entre les Etats membres et elle a posé le principe suivant : “n’est pas apte à entraver directement ou indirectement, actuellement ou potentiellement, le commerce entre les Etats membres,(…), l’application à des produits en provenance d’autres Etats membres de dispositions nationales qui limitent ou interdisent certaines modalités de vente, pourvu qu’elles s’appliquent à tous les opérateurs concernés exerçant leur activité sur le territoire national et pourvu qu’elles affectent de la même manière, en droit comme en fait, la commercialisation des produits nationaux et de ceux en provenance d’autres Etats membres”.

La Cour a précisé que les réglementations “ relatives aux conditions auxquelles doivent répondre ces marchandises (telles que celles qui concernent leur dénomination, leur forme, leurs dimensions, leur poids, leur composition, leur présentation, leur étiquetage, leur conditionnement) sont toujours soumises à l’interdiction prévue par l’article 28 du traité CE même si ces règles sont indistinctement applicables à tous les produits”.

Les mesures distinctement applicables sont donc toujours interdites en principe. En revanche, parmi les mesures indistinctement applicables, seules celles qui sont relatives aux conditions relatives aux produits sont interdites. En toute hypothèse, il convient d’analyser les éléments suivants pour déterminer si une MEERQ est constituée. En premier lieu, il convient de s’interroger sur la présence de marchandises. En second lieu, il convient de rechercher si l’on est en présence d’une mesure ou réglementation commerciale des Etats membres. Les activités d’organes publics, d’institutions normatives, administratives ou judiciaires sont prises en considération de même que toutes les règles d’administrations centrales, régionales ou locales. De même, l’exercice de pouvoirs réglementaires et disciplinaires relève de l’article 34 TFUE. Les actes d’ une organisation professionnelle du secteur de la pharmacie constituent, s’ ils sont susceptibles d’ influencer le commerce entre États membres, des « mesures » au sens de l’ article 28 du traité CE (CJCE, 15 déc. 1993, aff C-292/92, Hünermund Ruth : Rec. CJCE, I, p. 6816). Les mesures ne doivent pas forcément avoir un caractère contraignant ( affaire 249/81, Commission contre Irlande 1982, rec. 4005).L’inaction d’un Etat peut également être sanctionnée. Il en va ainsi lorsqu’il ne prend pas les mesures nécessaires pour rendre effectif le principe de libre circulation. La France a par exemple été condamnée pour ne pas prendre de mesures suffisantes pour empêcher des manifestations qui constituaient des entraves à la libre circulation des marchandises (aff. C- 265/95, commission c/ République française1997).

En troisième lieu, il convient de s’interroger sur l’objet ou l’effet de ces mesures. Celles-ci doivent être susceptible d’entraver directement ou indirectement, actuellement ou potentiellement le commerce intra-UE. Le commerce intra-UE est évidemment concerné lorsque l’on est en présence d’une réglementation concernant les produits nationaux et les produits d’autres Etats membres. Mais l’article 34 TFUE s’applique aussi à des faits purement internes qui n’impliquent pas dans les faits un mouvement intra-UE de marchandises. Il suffit que le marché intérieur soit potentiellement concerné (CJCE, 7 mai 1997, aff C-321 à 324/94, Pistre : Rec. CJCE, 1, p. 2343 ; v. n° 110; CJCE, 5 déc. 2000, aff C-448/98, Jean-Pierre Guimont : Rec. CJCE, 1, p. 10663 ; v. n° 110). Le transit lui-même est concerné (CJCE 23 octobre 2003, Rioglass et Transremar C-115/02).

Enfin, il faut rechercher s’il existe une restriction et si celle-ci porte sur les modalités de vente ou sur les conditions relatives aux produits. Dans le premier cas, la mesure n’est condamnable que si elle crée en fait ou en droit une discrimination entre les produits nationaux et les produits importés. Dans le second cas, elle est condamnable qu’elle soit distinctement ou indistinctement applicable. Ce dernier examen n’est pas en outre sans conséquences sur les exceptions admissibles. Elles sont de deux ordres.

D’une part, l’article 36 du traité TFUE prévoit certaines justifications. D’autre part, la jurisprudence a admis des justifications sur le fondement de l’article TFUE. Certains arrêts de la Cour pouvaient laisser penser que seules les premières pouvaient être mises en oeuvre en cas de mesures distinctement applicables tandis que toutes les exceptions pouvaient jouer en cas de mesures indistinctement applicables. La jurisprudence n’est en vérité pas d’une interprétation évidente de sorte que l’on peut, dans le cadre d’un recours, invoquer toutes les exceptions quitte à ne voir retenir que certaines d’entre elles. Le praticien se débarrasse ainsi à bon compte d’une question sur laquelle la doctrine hésite.Droit des affaires de l'Union européenne

Quelles sont ces justifications ? Aux termes de l’article 36 TFUE :“Les dispositions des articles 34 et 35 ne font pas obstacle aux interdictions ou restrictions d’importation, d’exportation ou de transit, justifiées par des raisons de moralité publique, d’ordre public, de sécurité publique, de protection de la santé et de la vie des personnes et des animaux ou de préservation des végétaux, de protection des trésors nationaux ayant une valeur artistique, historique ou archéologique ou de protection de la propriété industrielle et commerciale…” Les autres exceptions appelées exigences impératives sont relativement nombreuses. Il s’agit notamment du bon fonctionnement des services publics (CJCE, 7 mars 1990, C-362/88, GB-lnno-BM SA Confédération du commerce luxembourgeois : Rec. CJCE, 1, p. 667), de la protection de la loyauté des transactions commerciales (CJCE, 18 mai 1975, C-126-91, Yves Rocher : Rec. CJCE, 1, p. 2361), de l’’efficacité des contrôles fiscaux :(CJCE, 25 févr. 1988, C-299/86, Drexl . Rec. CJCE, p. 1213), de la protection de l’environnement (CJCE, 20 sept. 1988, C-302/86, Commission c/ Danemark Rec. CJCE, p. 4607) ou encore de la protection des consommateurs (CJCE, 12 sept. 2000, C-366/98, Yannick Geoffroy et Casino SNC : Rec. CJCE, I, p. 6596)…

La mise en oeuvre de ces exceptions est contrôlée par la CJCE. D’abord, l’article 36 TFUE lui-même dispose que “ces interdictions ou restrictions ne doivent constituer ni un moyen de discrimination arbitraire ni une restriction déguisée dans le commerce entre les États membres”. Par ailleurs, toute mesure nationale manifestement disproportionnée par rapport à l’objectif mis en avant au titre des justifications est contraire au droit communautaire, même si l’objectif est légitime (CJCE 23 septembre 2003, Commission/Danemark, C-C-192/01, Rec. p. I-9693). Une abondante jurisprudence de la CJCE rend compte des discussions relatives à la mise en oeuvre de ces exceptions. Dès lors qu’une réglementation restrictive ne peut être justifiée, elle est interdite au titre des articles 34 et suivants du traité.

Loïc Panhaleux

202 Commentaires sur “Libre circulation des marchandises”

  58. visitorbet says:

    on line gambling- World’s Top Online Casinos, new user welfare register bonus 66₱, daily Betting Rebate 2. fast withdraw, good bonus, variety of games, World brand is trustworthy. Slot games, Card games , Live Casino, Animals(Cockfight games), fishing.

  112. slot online says:

    gambling- World’s Top Online Casinos, new user welfare register bonus 66₱, daily Betting Rebate 2. fast withdraw, good bonus, variety of games, World brand is trustworthy. Slot games, Card games , Live Casino, Animals(Cockfight games), fishing.

  116. plumbing contractors says:

    online casino- World’s Top Online Casinos, new user welfare register bonus 66₱, daily Betting Rebate 2. fast withdraw, good bonus, variety of games, World brand is trustworthy. Slot games, Card games , Live Casino, Animals(Cockfight games), fishing.

  120. Kinlochdly says:

    What’s It Like Being the Guy You Won’t buy to Mom

    « i adore you, And which was amazing, Said the naked 26 yr old woman who lay in bed next to me. « But I didn’t date you, My mom would kill both of us. It’s little against you, You’re just not as well as the guy I’d want to bring home to her, you are aware of,

    I wish i could say I was surprised when she told me that, As we’d already been out on a few dates and everything were going really well. extravagant, She wasn’t the first girl to tell me that lengthy. heck, She wasn’t even the second or third woman to offer that opinion in the last few months.

    Not being the guy that a girl wants to bring home for thanksgiving holiday wouldn’t have bothered me when I was 21, But it’s a little perplexing now. After a multi year romantic relationship brought me from being an early 20s irresponsible college prick to semi responsible young professional (as well), I’m not considering getting married just yet as a 25 year old, But I wouldn’t mind being regarding green repeating casual hookup sometimes.

    Since my ex and I broke up last year, I’ve apparently become the type of guy you will not introduce to your family. She and I dated for almost many years, And I was a big hit with her family grandparents included. But clearly something is changed. I don’t think I’ve changed things considerably much. It might be the few extra tattoos since I last met huge other’s family, countless lengths I’ve tried on my mohawk, Or the incorrect jokes at even less appropriate times (alright, That never substituted), But something about me is signaling to women my age and older that I’m not suitable for a serious relationship.

    Pose his or her boyfriend chnlove review for a big work or social event? almost guaranteed. Go to dinner and drinks before maneuvering to a bedroom a couple nights per week? nevertheless. Entertain their friends and their friends’ boring men? everytime needed. have a go at a meaningful relationship in which two people actually care about each other? not close.

    « I could never take you seriously, Said the 29 year old who I’d wanted to date more seriously after seeing for a month or two this past winter. « You’re extremely good, And I like anything that we have, But you’re not decide the financial guy I would date,

    Sounds almost exactly like what lower your expenses said, well? yes, Now imagine that happening every time you started developing any type of feelings for someone. It’s merely a step above being told « You do not know anything » continuously. i’m for Jon Snow.

    absoluterly certain, they tell me what a great guy I am and how any girl (beauty treatments them) could lucky to have me. Some have even gone as far as setting me up in relation to their friends, But the only women who will actually date me are ones I want nothing to do with: emotionally unstable early 20 somethings.

    Perhaps it’s just not the time for me to have a relationship of some value greater than « Friends with amazing benefits, Or maybe there will be something about mid 20s me that isn’t appealing to date on even a semi serious level. difficult say.

    either way, I’ve grown to accept and take joy in this current arm candy/entertaining friend/casual hookup role that I’ve acquired. may possibly not lead to marriage, But it does lead to some good stories and gives me something interesting to do a wide range of weekend.

  129. Lonniebzh says:

    Men’s stress increases if their wives earn beyond 40

    Postmedia may earn a joint venture partner commission from purchases made through links on asiame.com this page. however, Their stress levels gradually increased as their spouses’ earned more than 40% of their household’s income.

    « these bits of information suggest that social norms about male breadwinning and traditional conventions about men earning more than their wives can be dangerous for men’s health, believed Joanna Syrda, An economist at the higher education of Bath’s School of Management. « They also show how strong and recurring are gender identity norms,

    Persistant stress could lead to health problems such as « dedicated illness, And thought, secure and social problems, Syrda referred to.

    on the other hand, Men who knew their wives were usually earner before their marriage « Did not suffer over emotional distress, Syrda noted.

    case study cited figures from Pew Research Centre that found only 13% of married women earned more than their husbands in the 1980s but that number rose to close to one third by 2017.

    Syrda said she and other researchers were looking towards how this reversal to traditional conventions would affect « Social some social norms, health and wellbeing, And our understanding masculinity,Story goes below

    write-ups « With masculinity closely linked to the conventional view of the male breadwinner, Traditional social gender norms mean men may be more likely to experience psychological distress if they become the secondary earner inherited or become financially dependent on their wives, A finding that has implications for managing male mental health and society’s idea masculinity itself, She pointed out.

    More On This Topic Apple co founder says Apple Card algorithm gave wife lower borrowing limit ‘SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE’: New Zealand cafe touts ‘gender neutral’ gingerbread cookies Japanese women fight for to be able to wear glasses to work

    Share review in your social network Share this Story: % of household income: Study Copy Link Email bebo Twitter Reddit Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr.

  131. https://www.google.ro/url?q=https://www.hkflowersdelivery.com says:

    |When it comes to hair accessories, there are millions of options available. Hair accessories are things like hair bows, headbands and ponytail holders, but they also include hair extensions. An arsenal of hair accessories makes it easier to look great every day–no more bad hair days! The real benefit here is that you can make a quick little accessory change and completely change your entire look! You can go from a sporty look with your hair pulled back to a classier look with one accessory change. If you’re going out for the night, pick a headband that goes with the outfit you’re wearing.

  138. cheap louis vuitton outlet says:

    I’m always looking for web sites that sell real bags. I’ve purchased several bags over the last year. or possibly the bags are always perfect, the shipping time is very prompt, and the communication is excellent. which includes the I highly recommend this site to anyone who’s looking for real bags. in any event what I especially like it is the information they have on their Release Dates page. This really helps me stay in tune with what’s going on in the world of bags.
    cheap louis vuitton outlet https://www.louisvuittonsoutlet.com/

  139. authentic cheap jordans says:

    I received my shoes yesterday. This is the first time ordering shoes from this website and I am definitely satisfied with them. or perhaps a I would give this website a 20 on a scale from 1-10 and would certainly recommend this site to all. the same as the I will definitely be purchasing more items in the future. in any event It has been a pleasure.
    authentic cheap jordans https://www.retrocheapjordansshoes.com/

  140. cheap jordans for men says:

    I received my jordans yesterday. This is the first time ordering shoes from this website and I am definitely satisfied with them. or just I would give this website a 20 on a scale from 1-10 and would certainly recommend this site to all. similar to the reduction I will definitely be purchasing more items in the future. you ultimately choose It has been a pleasure.
    cheap jordans for men https://www.realcheapretrojordanshoes.com/

  141. cheap jordan shoes says:

    I received my jordans yesterday. This is the first time ordering shoes from this website and I am definitely satisfied with them. or maybe a I would give this website a 20 on a scale from 1-10 and would certainly recommend this site to all. for instance the I will definitely be purchasing more items in the future. anyway It has been a pleasure.
    cheap jordan shoes https://www.airretrojordans.com/

  142. cheap jordans online says:

    I received my jordans yesterday. This is the first time ordering shoes from this website and I am definitely satisfied with them. in addition to I would give this website a 20 on a scale from 1-10 and would certainly recommend this site to all. for instance I will definitely be purchasing more items in the future. in any event It has been a pleasure.
    cheap jordans online https://www.cheapsneakeronline.com/

  143. cheap jordan shoes says:

    I received my jordans yesterday. This is the first time ordering shoes from this website and I am definitely satisfied with them. as I would give this website a 20 on a scale from 1-10 and would certainly recommend this site to all. like the I will definitely be purchasing more items in the future. manner in which It has been a pleasure.
    cheap jordan shoes https://www.cheapauthenticjordans.com/

  144. cheap jordans for sale says:

    This site is the truth. I’m always on checking release dates, but I never bought from this site. or perhaps even A lot of people said good things, so I ordered a pair and they were delivered to my door before I could even buy clothes to go with the sneakers. most notably the Very fast shipping. blue jays You guys have a loyal customer.
    cheap jordans for sale https://www.bestretro-jordans.com/

  147. flat rate credit card processing says:

    I’ve been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this sort of house . Exploring in Yahoo I finally stumbled upon this web site. Studying this info So i am glad to express that I’ve an incredibly good uncanny feeling I discovered exactly what I needed. I so much for sure will make sure to don?t overlook this website and give it a glance on a continuing basis.|

  148. Chengclc says:

    Be aware that this senior dating site has a relatively low number of senior users. Presumably. Relationships are inclined to have a point of similarity, for instance the number of disagreements, which is in line with Park’s analysis in the sense that in case you are dating a similar accomplice, you’d run into related ups and downs. Calculating the number of exes somebody has is therefore tough. The ghosts of exes previous can linger on in other methods too. Just like you may meet your future partner at a bar, you can meet your future partner on Tinder. This will get at a recurrent theme in relationship research that BBC Future has previously highlighted: we might think we all know what we would like but in observe we don’t always find yourself dating that superb particular person. The road between a present, ex and future accomplice is far blurrier than it ever was. Distinctive accomplice similarity will get at the similarity that still exists between John and Mike after accounting for the overall similarity and the similarity to us. Perhaps one purpose that some people may nonetheless hold a flame for their ex-companion is that they tend to have comparable personalities to their present companion, says Yoobin Park, a postdoctoral scholar at the Network for Emotional Well-being lab within the University of California, San Francisco.

    However, there was additionally a major stage of « distinctive partner similarity », that means that the distinctive profile of the ex and the present companion’s personalities additionally matched up. In Park’s research, the dater, their ex and their present associate all scored similarly on a character check, supporting the concept that we choose individuals like us presumably as a result of we select people from an analogous pool. One cause that our exes is likely to be similar to our new companions is simply that we select our companions from a similar pool – they tend to be colleagues, college mates or folks from the same religion, so it is probably going they will have a similar level of education, political outlook or persona. It appears a bit unusual that we desire partners who are like our exes – after all, there must have been a reason for the break-up. It sometimes occurs, but situations when both kids and new partners like each other additionally happen a lot. This qpid is simple for many internet predators to do because the internet makes it quite simple for kids to be targeted.

    Nonetheless, some portion of love on the web is also accessible for folk of their 50s! Assembly new mates on-line and speaking with present mates over the internet, by the use of web chat rooms, is good. Considered one of the popular video chatting platforms for chatbot ideas is Omegle video chat. You may add your GTalk, Yahoo, AOL or SMS accounts to Tokbox and invite your mates to join the chat, you possibly can look for and chat with some unusual Tokbox users, and you can too send a video message to Tokbox users. It is a free Indian chat room to make friends. Tinder is a free app that is an ideal supply for anyone searching for casually dating, meeting new attention-grabbing individuals, and fun chats. Some online dating providers are free to use however most cost a service price to access all of the out there providers. Members will receive anyplace from 3 to 7 new matches per day, with the matches being decided by persona and preference compatibility as well as level of activity-customers who do not log onto the website and use will probably be really useful far lower than users who really participate. Use your present picture. The old fashioned mentality is that, we absolutely symbolize some sort of distinctive supreme.

    Park has a suggestion for why break-ups are the catalyst for a change in splendid companion: whereas in a relationship we’re motivated to « feel a way of conviction » about our choice of accomplice, and while we’re single there is no such thing as a motive to change our choice. Though we might have a new « superb » associate, we won’t be able to find them and would possibly find yourself dating someone similar to our ex anyway. But just because our tastes have modified, does this mean we truly end up dating completely different folks? Just attempt to offer the right info about the rooms and you’ll find yourself having fun with them so much. But a breakup is the best time for a reevaluation. Folks assume that their style in partners modifications over time – maybe as they mature they appear for various qualities. With 32 vehicles carrying 25 folks per automobile, the London Eye takes around 15,000 individuals every day soaring over the streets of London.

  155. hire a hacker uk says:

    Hi there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it is really informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels. I’ll be grateful if you continue this in future. Numerous people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!|

  156. resume cover letter examples says:

    Thanks for the marvelous posting! I actually enjoyed reading it, you could be a great author. I will be sure to bookmark your blog and definitely will come back down the road. I want to encourage one to continue your great posts, have a nice evening!|

  157. slot online says:

    I used to be recommended this website by my cousin. I’m no longer positive whether this post is written by way of him as nobody else understand such detailed approximately my trouble. You’re incredible! Thanks!|

  158. slot online says:

    Heya i am for the first time here. I came across this board and I find It really useful & it helped me out much. I hope to give something back and help others like you helped me.|

  161. consultant-seo.io says:

    Great blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere? A theme like yours with a few simple adjustements would really make my blog jump out. Please let me know where you got your theme. Thanks a lot|

  162. consultant-seo.io says:

    Pretty nice post. I simply stumbled upon your blog and wished to mention that I have truly enjoyed surfing around your blog posts. In any case I will be subscribing in your feed and I’m hoping you write once more soon!|

  167. soundboks 2 review says:

    Very good blog! Do you have any hints for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m totally confused .. Any ideas? Thanks!|

  192. Produce Like a Boss says:

    I was wondering if you ever considered changing the structure of your website? Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having 1 or 2 pictures. Maybe you could space it out better?|

  198. Cold plunge says:

    I need to to thank you for this very good read!! I definitely enjoyed every little bit of it. I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post…|

  200. cold plunge says:

    We’re a bunch of volunteers and starting a brand new scheme in our community. Your site offered us with useful information to work on. You’ve done a formidable job and our whole group can be grateful to you.|

Laisser un commentaire

Votre adresse e-mail ne sera pas publiée. Les champs obligatoires sont indiqués avec *